Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board (PLAB) Practice Exam

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What complication is commonly associated with untreated hypercalcemia?

Hypokalemia
Fractures
Cognitive dysfunction
Allergic reactions

The correct answer is: Cognitive dysfunction

Untreated hypercalcemia commonly leads to cognitive dysfunction. This occurs because elevated calcium levels can affect the central nervous system, leading to symptoms such as confusion, lethargy, and in severe cases, even coma. The exact mechanisms involve altered neurotransmitter function and changes in neuronal excitability due to the increased extracellular calcium concentration. Cognitive dysfunction is a serious complication that underscores the importance of recognizing and managing hypercalcemia promptly. The other options present complications that are not primary concerns associated with hypercalcemia. Hypokalemia, for instance, refers to low potassium levels and does not have a direct link to high calcium levels. While fractures can occur in patients with chronic hyperparathyroidism or osteoporosis, they are not a direct consequence of hypercalcemia itself. Allergic reactions are unrelated to calcium levels and involve immune system responses, not changes in calcium homeostasis.